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RE1 --UNIT 5C ，纪录片讲到了纽约的建筑群。

事实上， 第一座纽约的摩天大楼skycrapper建于1902年，纽约的地铁也于1904年开通。今天就来讲讲20世纪之前的纽约这座伟大城市的故事。

Europeans Arrive

Possibly the first Europeans to visit New York Harbor were Vikings under Leif Ericson around A.D. 1000, but if they arrived, they left no trace. 

第一批造访纽约港的欧洲人可能是公元1000年左右列夫·埃里克森(Leif Ericson)手下的维京人，但即使他们到了纽约，也没有留下任何痕迹。

In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson found New York Bay and the Hudson River while exploring for the Dutch. 

1609年，英国探险家亨利·哈德逊在为荷兰人探险时发现了纽约湾和哈德逊河。

After sailing to the New World on the Halve Maen, Henry Hudson explored the mighty river that would later be named for him. Samuel de Champlain explored the northeastern region of the area now called New York and discovered his namesake, Lake Champlain.

亨利·哈德逊乘“半门号”航行到新大陆后，探索了那条后来以他的名字命名的雄伟河流。塞缪尔·德·尚普兰(Samuel de Champlain)探索了现在被称为纽约的东北部地区，发现了与他同名的尚普兰湖(Lake Champlain)。

In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from the Indians for about 60 Dutch guilders (worth about $24) and turned it into a trading post, calling it the New Amsterdam.

1626年荷兰人以价值大约60个荷兰盾（相当24美元）的小物件从印第安人手中买下曼哈顿岛辟为贸易站，称之为“新阿姆斯特丹”。

The Dutch laid claim to the surrounding land and began to settle the area. They traded with the natives for beaver furs which were popular in Europe at the time for making hats.

荷兰人宣称对周围的土地拥有主权，并开始在该地区定居。他们与当地人交换海狸皮，海狸皮在当时的欧洲很流行，用来做帽子。

Colonization

The first Dutch settlement was Fort Nassau established in 1614. Soon more settlements were built including Fort Orange in 1624 (which would later become Albany) and Fort Amsterdam in 1625. 

荷兰人的第一个殖民地是1614年建立的Fort Nassau。不久，更多的定居点被建立起来，包括1624年的奥兰治堡(后来成为奥尔巴尼)和1625年的阿姆斯特丹堡。

Fort Amsterdam would become the city of New Amsterdam which would later become New York City.

阿姆斯特丹堡成为了荷兰人命名的新阿姆斯特丹市，也就是后来的纽约市。

Over the next several years, the Dutch colony continued to grow. People from many countries moved into the area including many from England.

在接下来的几年里，这个荷兰的殖民地继续增长。许多国家的人搬到这个地区，包括许多来自英国的人。

The first Dutch settlement was established in 1624  ; for 40 years the Dutch ruled over the colony of New Netherland.

从1624年第一个荷兰殖民地建立， 荷兰人统治这块新荷兰殖民地长达40年。

French and Indian War

By 1664, the English showed up in battleships, ready for a nasty fight. The governer Peter Stuyvesant was tired, though, and avoided bloodshed by surrendering without a shot. As a result , New Amsterdam was ceded to Britain

到1664年，英国人出现在战列舰上，准备进行一场恶战。然而，总督彼得·斯图伊维桑特已经疲惫不堪，为了避免流血，他一枪未开就投降了。于是，新阿姆斯特丹割让给了英国。 

King Charles II promptly renamed the colony after his brother the Duke of York. 

国王查理二世立即以他兄弟约克公爵的名字将这块殖民地重新命名为New York，即新约克。 

（注：约克是英国一个古老的城市，当时也是英国的首都，这个命名是再好不过的。关于New York 的来历有人认为是以当时英国公爵约克， 1685年登基的詹姆斯三世命名。）

In 1686, New York City was officially founded. 

1686年， 纽约正式建市。

Over the next few decades, the colony’s Dutch look became decidedly English, as elegant townhouses sprouted up.

在接下来的几十年里，随着优雅的联排别墅如雨后春笋般涌现，这个殖民地的荷兰风格明显变成了英国风格。

New York becoming a prosperous British port and population rose to 11, 000 by the mid 1700s. 

到18世纪中期，纽约已成为繁荣的一个英国港口，人口增至11000人。

But at the same time, colonists were becoming resentful over British taxation.

但与此同时，殖民者开始对英国的税收感到不满。

Freedom of press

       自由之光

New York continued to grow and had about 7,000 inhabitants by 1700. The first newspaper was published in 1725. 

纽约继续发展，到1700年约有7000名居民。第一份报纸出版于1725年。

The trial and acquittal of John Peter Zenger, publisher of the New York Journal, marked an important step in the establishment of freedom of the press. King`s College, now Columbia University, was founded in 1754.

对《纽约日报》发行人约翰·彼得·曾格的审判和无罪释放标志着在建立新闻自由方面迈出了重要的一步。国王学院，即现在的哥伦比亚大学，成立于1754年。

American Revolution

             独立

After serving as a colony of Great Britain for more than a century, New York declared its independence on July 9, 1776, becoming one of the original 13 states of the Federal Union.

为大不列颠的殖民地，纽约在1776年7月9日宣布独立，成为联邦最初的13个州之一。

When the thirteen colonies decided to rebel against Britain and declare their independence, New York was in the middle of the action. 

当13个殖民地决定反抗自己祖国英国并宣布独立时，纽约正处于这场行动的中心。

(图：1776年推倒英国乔治三世国王的雕像）

The first major battle of the American Revolution, after independence was declared, was the Battle of Long Island in August 1776. 

在美国宣布独立后，美国独立战争的第一个主要战役是1776年8月的长岛战役。

About one-third of all the military engagements of the American Revolution took place in New York state. The British held New York City to the war’s end. 

美国独立战争八年期间，大约三分之一的军事交战发生在纽约州。英国人一直控制着纽约直到战争结束。

On November 25, the last British troops evacuated New York City, which had been occupied by the British since September 1776. This was the last British military position in the US. After they departed, US General George Washington entered the city in triumph to the cheers of New Yorkers.

11月25日，最后一批英国军队撤离了纽约市，这座城市自1776年9月以来一直被英国占领。这是英国在美国的最后一个军事阵地。他们离开后，大陆军总司令乔治·华盛顿在纽约人的欢呼声中凯旋而入。

New York City became the first capital of the United States. In 1789, it was the site of George Washington's inauguration as the first US President; it remained the nation's capital until 1790.

纽约市成为美国的第一个首都。1789年，这里是乔治·华盛顿将军就任美国第一任总统的地方; 它一直是美国的首都，直到1790年。

New York City in the 19th Century

19世纪的纽约

The city recovered quickly from the war, and by 1810 it was one of the nation’s most important ports. It played a particularly significant role in the cotton economy: Southern planters sent their crop to the East River docks, where it was shipped to the mills of Manchester and other English industrial cities. Then, textile manufacturers shipped their finished goods back to New York.

这座城市很快从战争中恢复过来，到1810年，它已经成为美国最重要的港口之一。它在棉花经济中发挥了特别重要的作用:南方的种植园主将他们的作物运到东河码头，然后运到曼彻斯特和其他英国工业城市的纺织厂。然后，纺织品制造商将他们的成品运回纽约。

(欢迎移民的自由女神）

Meanwhile, increasing number of immigrants, first from Germany and Ireland during the 1840s and 50s and then from Southern and Eastern Europe, changed the face of the city. They settled in distinct ethnic neighborhoods, started businesses, joined trade unions and political organizations and built churches and social clubs. For example, the predominantly Irish-American Democratic club known as Tammany Hall became the city’s most powerful political machine by trading favors such as jobs, services and other kinds of aid for votes.

与此同时，越来越多的移民改变了这座城市的面貌，这些移民先是在19世纪40年代和50年代来自德国和爱尔兰，然后是南欧和东欧的移民。他们定居在不同种族的社区，开始做生意，加入工会和政治组织，建造教堂和社交俱乐部。

例如，主要由爱尔兰裔美国人组成的坦慕尼协会通过交换诸如就业、服务和其他形式的选票援助等好处，成为该市最强大的政治机器。

New York City in the 20th Century

In the 20th century New York City continued to grow. In the 1980s large numbers of Asians migrated to the city. By 1980 New York had a population of 7 million.

在20世纪，纽约市继续发展。在20世纪80年代，大量的亚洲人移居到这座城市。到1980年，纽约人口已达700万。

1902,  New York City’s first skyscraper was built: the 21-story Flatiron building at 23rd Street and Fifth Avenue.

1902年，纽约市第一座摩天大楼建成:位于第23街和第五大道上的Flatiron大楼。

1904,  New York City’s first subway line, called the IRT, opened.

1904年，纽约市第一条名为IRT的地铁线开通。

Many famous buildings were built in New York City in the early 20th century. The Flatiron Building was built in 1902. New York Public Library opened in 1911. The Woolworth Building was erected in 1913. The same year, 1913, Grand Central Station opened. The Chrysler building was erected in 1930 and the Empire State Building was erected in 1931. Also in 1931 the General Electric Building was built. The Rockefeller Center was built in 1932-1940.

许多著名的建筑是在20世纪初在纽约市建造的。熨斗大厦建于1902年。纽约公共图书馆于1911年开放。伍尔沃斯大厦建于1913年。同年，也就是1913年，中央车站开放。克莱斯勒大厦建于1930年，帝国大厦建于1931年。通用电气大楼也是在1931年建成的。洛克菲勒中心建于1932-1940年。

Furthermore Times Square is named after the New York Times, which moved there in 1904.

此外，时代广场是以1904年搬到这里的《纽约时报》命名的。

Meanwhile Williamsburg Bridge was built in 1903 and Queensboro Bridge followed in 1909. Manhattan Bridge was also built in 1909. George Washington Bridge was built in 1931. Verrazano Narrows Bridge was built in 1964.

与此同时，威廉斯堡大桥于1903年建成，随后的昆斯伯勒大桥于1909年建成。曼哈顿桥也建于1909年。乔治华盛顿大桥建于1931年。维拉萨诺海峡大桥建于1964年。

Many museums opened in New York City during the 20th century. The Museum of the city of New York was founded in 1923. The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 1929. 

许多博物馆在20世纪在纽约市开放。纽约市博物馆成立于1923年。现代艺术博物馆成立于1929年。

There is no place like New York.

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