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Krubera Cave

RE2  最后一个单元（走向极限挑战） 里， 我们学习了世界上最深的洞穴，在惊叹大自然奇观的同时， 我们最最佩服的还是那些冒着巨大生命危险和困难去探索神秘的探险爱好者。

课本精彩绝伦地描绘了一个探索Krubera 洞穴的年轻人，渴望挑战一个又一个的极限，希望到达到更深的世界纪录， 甚至不惜一次又一次地返回去， 只为了能再多走一点点。那些深不可测绕不开的路，总又给人一点点希望。 

我找了一个简短的介绍短片，虽然是中文的，但是我们可以较为直观地感受到挑战这个洞穴的人体极限。 在本文最后我们可以看到。

Krubera Cave - Journeying to the Depths of Georgia in One of the World’s Deepest Caves

Krubera Cave is thought to be the deepest cave on earth. This natural wonder, found in the Republic of Georgia , is renowned among cavers due to its arduous challenges and the subterranean depth.

克鲁贝拉洞穴被认为是地球上最深的洞穴。这一自然奇观，发现于格鲁吉亚共和国，因其艰巨的挑战和地下深度而在洞穴中闻名。

库鲁伯亚拉洞穴Krubera (又称Voronja) Cave，坐落在格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹共和国加格拉区的阿拉贝卡山中，靠近阿拉贝卡山中加格拉范围的的西高加索，洞穴入口海拔高度2250米。它于1960年被苏联著名洞穴科学家Alexander Krube发现，因此优先命名为Krubera Cave库鲁伯亚拉洞穴。

The Geology and Layout of Krubera Cave

库鲁伯亚拉洞穴的地质结构

The cave is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus and overlooks the Black Sea . It is not the only cave in the area, there are many others in the north-west of Georgia, and in fact Krubera is not far from the world’s another deepest cave, the Voronya Cave system. It is a mere 80 feet (24 meters) or so deeper than the third deepest cave which is in the Austrian Alps .

该洞穴位于西高加索加格拉山脉的阿拉皮卡山区，俯瞰黑海。它并不是该地区唯一的洞穴，在乔治亚州的西北部还有许多其他的洞穴，而且事实上，Krubera离世界上另一个最深的洞穴Voronya洞穴系统很近。它仅比位于奥地利阿尔卑斯山的第三深的洞穴深80英尺(24米)左右。

The depth of the cave as measured from the entrance to the distance of the deepest explored point is approximately 7,200 feet (2,200 meters). The entrance is surprisingly narrow for such a large cavern and the bottom was only located in 2001.

洞穴的深度从洞口到最深探测点的距离约为7200英尺(2200米)。对于这么大的洞穴来说，入口非常狭窄，底部直到2001年才发现。

The geology of the cave is of limestone that dates from the Cretaceous and Jurassic ages. There are several underground springs and pools within it, and according to those who explored the system, it consists of a number of deep pits connected by passageways. The best known of these is the Cascade pit which is over 500 feet (152 meters) deep and the bottom has a pool of water. Many freezing sumps (water-filled pits) and water cascades have also been discovered.

这个洞穴的地质构造是可以追溯到白垩纪和侏罗纪时代的石灰岩。在它里面有几个地下泉水和水池，根据那些探索这个系统的人，它由许多由通道连接的深坑组成。其中最著名的是瀑布坑，其深度超过500英尺(152米)，底部有一个水池。还发现了许多结冰的水池(充水的坑)和瀑布。

Many freezing sumps and water cascades have also been discovered.

许多冷冻水池和水瀑被探险家们发现。

Speleological History of Krubera Cave

库鲁伯亚拉洞穴的探索历史

The cave was not explored until the 1960s. The local population was aware of the cave but did not have the means to explore it. The first experts to really study the Krubera Cave entrance were a group of Soviet speleologists who reported that they believed they had found an underground system that was unusually deep.

这个洞穴直到20世纪60年代才被探索过。当地居民知道这个洞穴，但没有办法去探索它。第一批真正研究Krubera洞穴入口的专家是一群苏联洞穴学家，他们报告说，他们相信自己发现了一个异常深的地下系统。

Soviet speleologists reported that they believed they had found an underground system that was unusually deep. 

This team named the underground system after a great Russian geographer, Alexander Kruber, who is regarded as one of the founders of speleology. He was one of the first to survey of the area and published several papers on the caves and their geology. An alternate name for the site is Crow's Cave ( Vronja), in recognition of all the crows who nest in its vicinity.

这个团队以伟大的俄罗斯地理学家亚历山大·克鲁伯的名字为这个地下系统命名，他被认为是洞穴学的创始人之一。他是最早调查该地区的人之一，并发表了几篇关于洞穴及其地质学的论文。这个地方的另一个名字是乌鸦洞(Vronja)，用来识别在附近筑巢的乌鸦。

There were no further expeditions until the 1980s, when a group of Ukrainian speleologists conducted the first large-scale expedition into the caverns. They were able to push down into the narrow connecting chambers and through tight choke points to a depth of 900 feet (274 meters).

直到20世纪80年代，才有了进一步的探险，当时一群乌克兰的洞穴学家对这个洞穴进行了第一次大规模的探险。他们能够向下推进，进入狭窄的连接室，通过紧密的阻塞点，到达深度900英尺(274米)。

Due to the instability brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union , the cave was not explored for the next two decades. In 2001 an American expedition revived interest in the cave and on a series of Krubera cave expeditions they gradually managed to discover more pits, meanders, tunnels, and passages. Underground divers explored the many bodies of water of the cave system.

由于苏联解体带来的不稳定，这个洞穴在接下来的20年里没有被探索。2001年，一支美国探险队重新唤起了人们对这个洞穴的兴趣，在一系列的克鲁贝拉洞穴探险中，他们逐渐发现了更多的坑洞、弯道、隧道和通道。地下潜水员探测了洞穴系统中的许多水体。

Underground divers explored the many bodies of water of the cave system.

In 2012, a Ukrainian diver reached the deepest point of Krubera at a depth of over 2,000 feet (600 meters), which at the time was a world record. In 2017 a team proved that the Veryovkina Cave, also in Abkhazia, was the world’s deepest.

2012年，一名乌克兰潜水员到达了克鲁贝拉最深的地方，深度超过2000英尺(600米)，这在当时是一项世界纪录。2017年，一个研究小组证明，同样位于阿布哈兹的Veryovkina洞穴是世界上最深的。

RE课本里也提到了这个乌克兰潜水员创造的纪录。

The Everest of Caves

洞穴中的珠穆朗玛峰

To explore this site is an ambition of many cavers and it is known as the Everest of Caves. Descending into the caves requires great planning and resources, including tents and breathing equipment. One recent expedition to Krubera took two weeks exploring the underground labyrinth. It is only now, after 20 years of near constant exploration, that we have a reliable map of Krubera Cave and some believe that more pits and passageways remain undiscovered.

探索这个地方是许多洞穴探险者的雄心壮志，它被称为洞穴中的珠穆朗玛峰。进入洞穴需要很好的计划和资源，包括帐篷和呼吸设备。最近克鲁贝拉的一次探险用了两周时间探索地下迷宫。直到现在，经过近20年的不断探索，我们才有了一份可靠的克鲁贝拉洞穴地图，有些人认为还有更多的坑洞和通道没有被发现。

Exploring Krubera Cave is Not for Everyone

During their expedition to Krubera Voronja in the Kuruberala Cave, scientists discovered an interesting underground community. This deep cave community is made up of burrowing organisms and epiphytes. They live below 2,000 meters, and more than 12 species of arthropods are found in all. Most common are cave scorpions, parasites, transparent fish. In addition to the discovery of the world's deepest living arthropods, a number of new scientific species have been discovered.

在对库鲁伯亚拉洞穴Krubera Voronja的探险中，科学家发现了一个有趣的地下群落。这个深洞穴生物群由穴居生物和表生物种组成。它们生活在2000米以下的世界，总共发现有12种以上的节肢动物。常见的有洞穴拟蝎、寄生虫、透明鱼类。除了发现有世界上最深的居住节肢动物外，还发现了一些新的科学物种。

As it holds the title of the world's deepest cave, The Kuruberara Caves attract many cave-lovers to explore each year. Equipped, the explorers descend vertically to a point where they can reach  and then venture deeper along the limestone walls. Not only do you have to pass through narrow stone paths, but sometimes you have to dive through cold water.

由于库鲁伯亚拉洞穴享有世界最深洞穴的头衔，因此每年都会吸引许多洞穴爱好者前来探险。探险者们准备好各种装备，垂直下降到可直达的位置后，再沿着石灰岩岩壁向更深处探险。不仅要经过狭窄的石道，有时候还要潜水经过寒冷的水域。

Only highly trained experts should enter Krubera Cave as it is incredibly dangerous.

最后我们一起看看这些挑战者面临的最深洞穴。

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