北京剑桥少儿英语阅读 RE2课程切片拓展-- 美国历史1

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文化，历史和语言不分家。当你阅读英文读到相关世界史的时候， 有必要和学生讲述这一段短短几百年的历史。 

当我们学到探险家，大航海时代，由此开始的英国殖民扩张时代，这段历史也就随之必须讲到了。 

美国何以成为美国？

美国为什么会有今天浓厚的宗教氛围？ 

从历史讲起，美国很多精神就是从那时候开始的。 

Polymouth普利茅斯

In September 1620, during the reign of King James I, a group of around 100 English men and women—many of them members of the English Separatist Church later known to history as the Pilgrims—set sail for the New World aboard the Mayflower. Two months later, the three-masted merchant ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts.

1620年9月，在国王詹姆斯一世统治期间，一群大约100多人的英国人——其中许多是英国分离主义教会的成员，后来在历史上被称为清教徒——乘坐五月花号前往新大陆。两个月后，这艘三桅商船在科德角(现在的马萨诸塞州)登陆。

100多人中只有一部分乘客可以称得上是“清教徒”。他们都是虔诚的分离国教者，简单点说就是他们反对英国国教的天主教色彩太过浓重——也就是说，他们反对将改造得不够彻底的天主教作为英国国教。另外一部分乘客登上五月花号则不是为了宗教自由，而是为了前往新世界开始新生活并获得财富。这批人就是要建立一个心中的理想社会。

In late December, the Mayflower anchored at Plymouth Rock, where the pilgrims formed the first permanent settlement of Europeans in New England. Though more than half of the original settlers died during that grueling first winter, the survivors were able to secure peace treaties with neighboring Native American tribes and build a largely self-sufficient economy within five years. Plymouth was the first colonial settlement in New England.

12月下旬，五月花号在普利茅斯岩(Plymouth Rock)抛锚，在那里，清教徒们形成了欧洲人在新英格兰地区的第一个永久定居点。虽然在第一个严冬中，半数以上的原定居者都死了，但幸存者还是与邻近的美洲土著部落签订了和平条约，并在五年内建立了基本自给自足的经济。普利茅斯是新英格兰的第一个殖民地。

Journey to the New World

Among the group traveling on the Mayflower in 1620 were close to 40 members of a radical Puritan faction known as the English Separatist Church. Feeling that the Church of England had not sufficiently completed the necessary work of the Protestant Reformation, the group had chosen to break with the church altogether. The Separatists had sought religious freedom before, fleeing England in 1607 and 1608 to settle in the Netherlands, first in Amsterdam and later in the town of Leiden, where they remained for the next decade. Wanting to secure their English language and heritage, and seeking more economic opportunity, the group–later known as the Pilgrims–laid plans for a voyage to the New World aboard the Mayflower.

在1620年乘坐五月花号的一行人中，有近40名激进的清教派成员，他们被称为英国分离主义教会。认为英国国教没有充分完成必要的新教改革工作，该集团选择与教会彻底决裂。分离主义者曾在1607年和1608年逃离英格兰，定居荷兰，先是在阿姆斯特丹，后来在莱顿镇定居，在那里他们待了十年。为了保住自己的英语语言和传统，并寻求更多的经济机会，这群人(后来被称为清教徒)计划乘坐五月花号前往新大陆。

The Pilgrims had originally signed a contract with the Virginia Company to settle near the Hudson River, but rough seas and storms prevented the ship from reaching its initial destination. After 66 days, it reached the shores of Cape Cod, anchoring at the site of Provincetown on November 21. The Pilgrims sent an exploratory party ashore, and on December 18 docked at Plymouth Rock, on the western side of Cape Cod Bay. The explorer John Smith had named the area Plymouth after leaving Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World. The settlers decided the name was appropriate, as the Mayflower had set sail from the port of Plymouth in England.

最初，清教徒们与弗吉尼亚公司（ 英国在美国第一个殖民地称为弗吉尼亚， 后来掌管殖民地管理的叫“ 弗吉尼亚公司” ） 签订了一项协议，要在哈德逊河附近定居。但由于汹涌的海浪和风暴，这艘船没有到达最初的目的地。

新英格兰地区

普利茅斯——新英格兰第一个定居点

The First Thanksgiving

In the Fall of 1621, the Pilgrims famously shared a harvest feast with the Pokanokets; the meal is now considered the basis for the Thanksgiving holiday. It took place over three days between late September and mid-November and included feasting as well as games and military exercises.

1621年秋天，清教徒们和波卡诺卡特人（ 土著 ） 一起享用了丰收大餐，这顿饭现在被认为是感恩节的基础。活动从9月下旬到11月中旬持续了三天，活动内容包括宴会、游戏和军事演习。

The Mayflower Compact

All the adult males aboard the Mayflower had signed the so-called Mayflower Compact, a document that would become the foundation of Plymouth’s government. It was written after a near mutiny on board the Mayflower.

在五月花号上发生了一场近乎叛乱之后（ 由于船上部分清教徒和其他穷苦人民之间的思想差异， 加上当时航海的艰苦条件)  ， “五月花”号上的所有成年男性都签署了所谓的“五月花契约”，该文件后来成为普利茅斯政府的基础。

Plymouth简史：  

位于美国东海岸马萨诸塞州，波士顿市40英里以南的普利茅斯曾是继弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯镇后的第二个成功进入美国的英国殖民地。1620年11月，五月花号带着102名殖民者与清教徒抵达今天的普利茅斯湾，并签订了美国历史上第一份政治性契约——《五月花号公约》。度过了漫长严酷的冬季后，在1621年3月登上Plymouth Rock欢呼登陆并建立普利茅斯殖民地。

普利茅斯这个名字源于英国西南部港口普利茅斯。

美国历史上的第一个感恩节也在这里庆祝。

五月花号是美国的民主自由的基础：

人们在自愿的基础上，平等形成契约，这是美国立国的精神。可以说， 五月花号公约，塑造了美国。 

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