这个单元介绍了几种常见的写作段落，相当重要的议论文基础。

若能跟着GW一步步扎实学下来，国外考试的议论文不是难题。

因果关系段落在实际写作里相当常用。

可分两种结构， 第一种是果：

topic sentence 

导致1

导致2 

导致3

concluding sentence 

第二种是因：

topic sentence 

原因1

原因2

原因3 

concluding sentence

在GW3 的前三个单元，不是马上进入全篇议论文，依然重点在段落学习----各种段落的亮点，各种写法，这实际上就是文章的缩影。

比如以上的结构，写成一段，或者一篇，道理都相同。

因果关系的段落，在议论文中使用得比比皆是。

以因为导向的段落举例：

电子垃圾的规模越来越大，在全球范围内造成了许多严重的后果。首先，这些垃圾中的大部分最终会被送往垃圾填埋场，污染了环境，因为其中含有有毒物质。更重要的是，大量的电子垃圾被发达国家运到发展中国家。可以预料，那些国家将在制造业中利用它们。最终，这些受污染的产品将被卖到世界各地。因此，有害的影响循环往复，这证明电子垃圾对全世界人民的健康构成了越来越大的威胁。

The increasing scale of electronic trash has lead to many serious consequences, globally. For one, the bulk of all this waste ends up in landfills where it poisons the environment, as it contains toxic substances. What’s more, a large quantities of e-waste was sent to developing countries by developed world.It’s to be expected that those nations will make use of them in manufacture.In the end,these contaminated products will be sold to every part of the world.Thus, the harmful effect circulates back and forth, which proves that e-waste pose an increasing threat to health of people worldwide. 

以结果为导向的因果段落举例：

电子垃圾的规模越来越大，在全球范围内造成了许多严重的后果。首先，这些垃圾中的大部分最终会被送往垃圾填埋场，污染了环境，因为其中含有有毒物质。更重要的是，大量的电子垃圾被发达国家运到发展中国家。可以预料，那些国家将在制造业中利用它们。最终，这些受污染的产品将被卖到世界各地。因此，有害的影响循环往复，这证明电子垃圾对全世界人民的健康构成了越来越大的威胁。

The increasing scale of electronic trash has lead to many serious consequences, globally. For one, the bulk of all this waste ends up in landfills where it poisons the environment, as it contains toxic substances. What’s more, a large quantities of e-waste was sent to developing countries by developed world.It’s to be expected that those nations will make use of them in manufacture.In the end,these contaminated products will be sold to every part of the world.Thus, the harmful effect circulates back and forth, which proves that e-waste pose an increasing threat to health of people worldwide. 

问题解决型段落是最常见的议论文段落之一。

随便举一些国外考试的议论文题目：

Education is a fundamental human right, yet many people in some developing countries remain illiterate. How can we solve this issue? 教育是一项基本人权，但一些发展中国家仍有许多人不识字。我们如何解决这个问题?

There were several instances when social media websites were accused of gathering people’s private information. What are the ways to ensure privacy in the digital age?

在数字时代，如何确保隐私?

Habits such as smoking and overeating negatively affect people’s health. How can we better promote healthy lifestyles? 吸烟和暴饮暴食等习惯对人的健康有负面影响。我们怎样才能更好地推广健康的生活方式?

Drinking water has become an uncommon thing in many countries due to pollution. What can people do to help with this problem? 由于污染，饮用水在许多国家已经成为一件不寻常的事情。人们可以做些什么来帮助解决这个问题?

Leftover food is a massive problem, as it wastes water and farmland. How can we reduce it? 剩饭是一个巨大的问题，因为它浪费了水和农田。我们怎样才能减少它?

关于剩饭解决方案的段落示范：

If you’ve heard the latest statistics, you know that 40 percent of all food is wasted in the United States. And nearly half of that waste comes from households.Some are caused by people cooking too much, others are by those who order too much in the restaurants. One suggestion for families with leftover problem is to make the food into tomorrow’s lunch.Saving leftovers is a quick way to pack a low-effort lunch, which definitely proves to be the best choice for white-collar workers.

如果你听过最新的统计数据，你就会知道美国40%的食物都浪费了。其中近一半的垃圾来自家庭。有些是由于人们做饭太多造成的，另一些是由于那些在餐馆点太多的菜。关于家庭里剩饭问题的一个建议是把这些食物做成第二天的午餐。节省剩饭剩菜是一种省力午餐的快捷方法,这无疑是白领的最佳选择。

Another solution is for restaurants, which constitutes a much more serious problem for food wasting. One smart move is to donate excess food to those who need.With so many people going hungry all over ,this will be a blessing for them.Restaurants and charity organizations should work together to help out, which is a win-win solution.

另一个解决方案是为餐馆，这是一个更为严重的食物浪费问题。一个明智的举动是把多余的食物捐赠给需要的人。在这么多人挨饿的情况下，这对他们来说将是一种善事。餐厅和慈善组织可以合作帮助，这是一个双赢的解决方案。

结合因果段落和问题解决型为一体的议论文全篇示范：

话题：

What are the reasons for declines of wild animals? What are possible solutions to mitigate this problem?

野生动物数量减少的原因是什么?有什么可能的解决方案来缓解这个问题?

第一段：introduction

Animals are an integral part of our eco-system. However, it is irrefutable that the percentage of wild animals are reducing rapidly from the last half-century. There are numerous of a reason behind it. I will elaborate on these reason and effective steps which help to protect wildlife.

动物是我们生态系统不可分割的一部分。然而，不可否认的是，野生动物的比例在过去的半个世纪以来正在迅速减少。这背后有无数的原因，而我将阐述其中某些原因和有效的步骤，来帮助保护野生动物。

第二段：body part 1

First and foremost reason behind it is deforestation. Nowadays the human population is increasing day by day so that the demand for society also rise than supply. as a result of it, people need more accommodation, food, industries, and a better lifestyle in order to fulfill all these desires they cut the natural habitat of animals. Secondly, hunting is also a big concern in animals downward trend. Some segment of society killed the wild animals for their our benefits Such as, for decorating their house or office, cosmetics,  clothes. In other words, Some people use tiger skin for an interior of their house, tusks of elephants also use for import and export to gain profit. Thus, Individuals put wildlife in danger for their own benefits.

首先也是最重要的原因是森林砍伐。如今人口日益增加，社会的需求也超过了供给。因此，人们需要更多的住宿，食品，工业和更好的生活方式，为了满足所有这些愿望，他们削减了动物的自然栖息地。其次，狩猎也是动物数量下降的一大问题。社会的一部分人为了他们的利益杀死野生动物，例如，为了装饰他们的房子或办公室，化妆品，衣服。换句话说，有些人用虎皮做他们房子的内部，大象的象牙也用来进出口来获得利润。因此，个体为了自己的利益而将野生动物置于危险之中。

（因果分析段落）

第三段：body part 2

There is some possible solution to solve this problem. first of all, Individual and government should co-operate with each other. To illustrate if anyone saw a wild animal in a living area then they should inform the forest department first instead of capturing them. Moreover, the government should enact some strict law against hunting or cutting the trees. last but not least, everyone should plant more and more tree to give natural habitat to animals.

一些可能解决这个问题的方法。首先，个人和政府应该相互合作。比如，如果有人在生活区看到野生动物，那么他们应该先通知森林部门，而不是去捕它们。此外，政府应该制定严格的法律禁止狩猎或砍伐树木。最后，每个人都应该种植更多的树给动物自然的栖息地。

(问题解决型段落）

总结段：conclusion

To conclude, deforestation and the overcrowded area is the main reasons for decreasing the wild animals but it is quite important to protect them and this is only possible with the co-operation of society. If they do not save them, future  generation cannot see them in the future.

总之，森林砍伐和过度拥挤是野生动物减少的主要原因，但保护它们也很重要，这只有通过社会的合作才能实现。如果不去拯救动物，我们的未来后代就无法看到。

看了很多学生的文章毫无内容, 容易翻来覆去讲一些空洞的话。发现其实难点不是在技巧方法，还是内容。言之有物，RE和GW结合是最佳。

以上的段落仿写，均出自RE阅读的内容。

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