RE4课程词汇趣谈--新冠到底是epidemic还是pandemic
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RE4 UNIT10A--长寿的秘密一文中提及一个词, epidemic。今天,蜜雪老师给你从这个词展开讲讲, 顺手扩展一些相关的趣味知识。
如果你关注过英文媒体,就会发现他们对“新冠肺炎疫情”(COVID-19)的称呼,已经从之前的epidemic,后来改成了现在的pandemic。
01
epidemic怎么用
词义:
1) a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community 流行病
flu epidemic 流感
the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆发
一种叫做COVID-19的新流行病正在威胁着我们。
A new epidemic called COVID-19 is threatening us right now.
2) sudden rapid increase in how often sth bad happens (迅速的)泛滥,蔓延
Now there is an epidemic of psychological illness.
心理问题在今日非常的流行。
02
epidemic 的构词法记忆解析
先看另外一个词:endemic /enˈdemɪk/
地方病
If a disease or illness is endemic in a place, it is frequently found among the people who live there.
构词法解析:en内部+demic人群=地方性的,地方病/风土病
Malaria is endemic in large parts of Africa as well as some areas of South America.疟疾在非洲大部分地区以及南美洲的一些地区流行。
epidemic构词:
epi之中+demic人群=(人群之中)流行的,流行病
outbreak (战争,疾病) 爆发
外媒的原文:
"The U.S. may end up with the worst COVID-19 outbreak in the industrialized world."
“美国可能会爆发工业化国家中最严重的COVID-19疫情。”
outbreak疫情爆发影响的是一个或者几个地区/国家。
epidemic影响的是更多的人群/社区,地区/国家,可以说是大范围的outbreak爆发和传播。
"An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people."
新冠病毒COVID-19在很长一段时间里都被叫成epidemic流行病。因为当时虽然疫情爆发,但仍然在少数国家的范围内。

03
pandemic 大流行病
pandemic
构词:pan全+demic人群=流行病。
当流行病在一个或少数几个地区/人群中传播时,即便感染人数众多且有失控迹象,也仍属于epidemic。但如果疫情严重失控,蔓延到整个世界,达到全球大流行的程度,那就是pandemic大爆发了。
外刊里选的几段话作为参考:
As the new coronavirus continues to spread around the world, the words epidemic and pandemic are showing up in news reports more often than they usually do. While the terms are closely related, they don’t refer to the same thing.
新冠病毒持续在全球传播之际,epidemic和pandemic这两个词比往常更频繁地在新闻报道中出现。尽管这两个词很相近,但二者指的不是同一种东西。
“An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people.” Usually, what precedes an epidemic is an outbreak, or “a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease.” An outbreak can affect a single community or several countries, but it’s on a much smaller scale than an epidemic.
“当一种传染性疾病迅速传播给许多人时,就被称为epidemic。”通常,epidemic发生之前会有outbreak(疾病暴发),即“某种疾病案例的突然增加”。Outbreak可能影响到单个社区或几个国家,但规模比epidemic小得多。
If an epidemic can’t be contained and keeps expanding its reach, public health officials might start calling it a pandemic, which means it’s affected enough people in different areas of the world to be considered a global outbreak. In short, a pandemic is a worldwide epidemic. It infects more people, causes more deaths, and can also have widespread social and economic repercussions.
如果一场epidemic不能被控制住,还在不断蔓延,公共卫生官员可能就要开始称之为pandemic,意思是这场流行病已经影响到世界不同地区足够多的人,到了全球性暴发的程度。简而言之,pandemic就是全球性的流行病。Pandemic感染的人更多,导致的死亡人数更多,还可能对社会和经济造成广泛的影响。
"In short, a pandemic is a worldwide epidemic."
所以pandemic可以说是全球性的epidemic流行病。它比epidemic影响更广,患者人数和死亡人数更多,社会和经济影响也更大。比如2009年的H1N1属于pandemic全球性流行病范畴。
不过疫情到底要影响多少个国家,感染人数/死亡人数达到多少时才能被定义为pandemic? 这就要看公共卫生专家和疾控部门,尤其是WHO的官方说法了。
比如18年前的SARS得到了控制,最后没被WHO从epidemic升级到pandemic。WHO对新冠病毒也非常谨慎,起初并未将其定义为pandemic。后来疫情扩散到世界各国,他们才升级说法。这也是2009年之后WHO首次将一种流行病定义为pandemic。
"It's the first time the WHO has called an outbreak a pandemic since the H1N1 'swine flu' in 2009."

总结: 疟疾是endemic,埃博拉是epidemic,新冠是pandemic
04
epi-词根拓展
epi-(upon/among)
episode = epi之上+hodos(way)路/门--- 一段/一集
epicenter = epi之中+center中心:中心点,震中
epitome = epi之中+tom(cut)切割:缩影/典型
epitaph = epi之上+taphos(tomb)坟墓:墓志铭
以下文段就出现了震中epicenter 这个词。

05
-- demos,“人群”
回顾:pandemic构词:
pan全+demic人群=流行病
epidemic构词:
epi之中+demic人群=(人群之中)流行的,流行病
demography = demos人群+graph写=人口统计
pandemic = pan全+demos人群=全球流行
democracy = demos人群+cracy统治=由人民统治
demographic 人口结构, 人口统计
06
--pan 泛,全
pan-American 泛美洲的
泛美航空Pan Am
panorama 全景
panacea 万灵药 (pan全+akos-cure)
pantheon 罗马的万神庙 pan全+theo神

07
顺便说下去的 theo-神
theology神学(theo神+logy)
atheist无神论者(a否定+theo神+ist)
pantheon 英 [pnθin] 美 [pnθiɑn] n. 万神殿;名流群
pantheism 英 [pnθizm] 美 [pnθizm] n. 泛神论;多神教
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