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RE2  

洞穴探险，英文叫Caving，是世界上最危险的四大极限探险运动之一。进入陌生的洞穴，探索未知的地下世界。

Reading Explorer2 UNIT 12 单元讲述了洞穴探险，课文介绍了Krubera Cave.

洞穴的吸引力是，你永远都不知道洞穴里下一秒会有什么惊人发现。接下来就跟蜜雪老师一起去课本以外，看一看全球10个最神秘的的岩洞吧！

Adventure travelers are often willing to go to the ends of the Earth just to have an opportunity to witness first hand some of the truly spectacular landscapes that spread out across our planet. From snowcapped mountain peaks to endless miles of ocean coastlines, there are certainly plenty of breathtakingly beautiful places that have the managed to capture our imaginations. But some of the most beautiful places aren't necessarily found on the surface of the planet at all. In fact, there is plenty to be seen beneath it as well. 

冒险旅行者通常愿意去地球的尽头，只是为了有机会亲眼目睹散布在地球上的一些真正壮观的景观。从白雪皑皑的山峰到绵延无尽的海岸线，确实有很多令人叹为观止的美丽地方，它们都设法抓住了我们的想象力。事实上，一些最美丽的地方并不一定是在地球表面。事实上，在地球之下，也有很多奇观。

Some of the most amazing sights that nature has to offer can actually be found inside the Earth's countless caverns and caves, with potentially thousands of miles of subterranean tunnels to be explored. With that in mind, here are ten great cave systems that every adventure traveler should have on his or her list of places to visits. 

在地球上无数的洞穴和洞穴中，人们发现了大自然最令人惊叹的景色，还有可能有数千英里的地下隧道有待探索。这里有十个壮观的洞穴系统，每个探险旅行者都应该记录到自己的旅行清单上。

01

Carlsbad Caverns National Park (United States)卡尔斯巴德洞窟国家公园

Southern New Mexico is home to one of the best cave systems in the entire world in the form of Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Over the centuries, sulfuric acids have dissolved the limestone there, creating one of the most magnificent underground landscapes found anywhere on the planet. With more than 119 known chambers and over a hundred miles of passageways, Carlsbad Caverns is a true wonder to behold. 

新墨西哥州南部的卡尔斯巴德洞穴国家公园是世界上最好的洞穴系统之一。几个世纪以来，硫酸溶解了那里的石灰岩，形成了地球上最壮观的地下景观之一。有超过119个已知的洞穴和超过100英里的通道，卡尔斯巴德洞穴是一个真正的奇迹。

Top of the list is the "Big Room," a massive chamber that is more than 4000 feet (1220 meters) in length, 625 feet (191 meters) in width, and 255 feet (78 meters) tall. Visitors can choose to hike down into the caves themselves or take an elevator from the visitor center that drops an impressive 754 feet (230 meters) over the course of just a few minutes.

排在首位的是“大房间”，这个巨大的房间长4000英尺(1220米)，宽625英尺(191米)，高255英尺(78米)。游客们可以选择自己徒步进入洞穴，也可以从游客中心乘坐电梯，在短短几分钟内，游客中心的高度就会下降到令人印象深刻的754英尺(230米)。

02

美国 · 猛犸洞  Mammoth Cave

Mammoth Cave is the longest cave in the world. Mammoth Cave National Park , which is in the central state of Kentucky ,is a World Heritage site. Mammoth Cave is named after the mammoth of ancient times, and the mammoth cave had reached a length of nearly 600 kilometers by 2006!

猛犸洞是世界上最长的洞穴，位于美国肯塔基州中部的猛犸洞国家公园，是世界自然遗产之一。猛犸洞以古时候长毛巨象猛犸命名，这个“巨无霸”洞穴截至2006年，已探出的长度近600公里！

Carlsbad Caverns isn't the only impressive cave system to be found in the United Sates. In fact, it isn't even the largest. That distinction goes to Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, which stretches for a mind-blowing 400 miles (640 km) of explored passages, making it easily the longest cave system in the entire world. It's carved limestone strata is surprisingly stable and beautiful, with twisting passageways and numerous chambers to wander through. 

卡尔斯巴德洞穴并不是美国唯一一个令人印象深刻的洞穴系统。事实上，它甚至不是最大的。这一殊荣要归功于肯塔基州的猛犸洞，它的探险通道长达令人震惊的400英里(640公里)，使它轻而易举地成为世界上最长的洞穴系统。它由雕刻的石灰岩地层组成，出奇地稳定和美丽，有蜿蜒的通道和无数的密室可供漫步。

Each year, additional tunnels continue to be discovered, leading deeper and deeper into the Earth. Many of those tunnels have yet to be mapped fully, and it remains to be seen just how massive Mammoth truly is. Park Rangers lead tours into the cave's depths on an almost daily basis, taking visitors on subterranean hikes that can last anywhere from 1-6 hours. Highlights include a trek down Grand Avenue past Frozen Niagara Falls and through the aptly named Fat Man's Misery. The more adventurous tours even venture far off the beaten path into caves that are seldom visited by travelers. 

每年都有更多的隧道被发现，通向地球的深处越来越深。许多隧道还没有被完整地绘制出来，猛犸洞到底有多大还有待观察。公园管理员几乎每天都带领游客进入洞穴深处，带领游客进行地下徒步旅行，全程1-6小时不等。最精彩的部分包括沿着格兰德大道徒步旅行，经过冰冻的尼亚加拉大瀑布，以及名字很贴切的“胖子的痛苦”。更具冒险精神的旅行甚至会远离人迹罕至的路线，进入很少有人造访的洞穴。

03

The Blue Grotto 蓝洞

The Blue Grotto is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight passing through an underwater cavity and shining through the seawater creates a blue reflection that illuminates the cavern. The cave extends some 50 metres into the cliff at the surface, and is about 150 metres deep, with a sandy bottom.

蓝洞是意大利南部卡普里岛海岸上的一个海洞。阳光穿过水下的洞穴，透过海水产生蓝色的反射，照亮了洞穴。洞穴表面延伸到悬崖处约50米，深约150米，底部为沙质。

Located on the Italian island of Capri, the Blue Hole is known for its sparkling, fairy-like waters of crystal blue waves and is considered one of the seven wonders of the world. The opening of the Blue Hole is at the bottom of the cliff and is so small that it is accessible only by boat.

蓝洞位于意大利卡普里岛，以其闪耀着恍若仙境般的晶蓝波光海水而闻名，被誉为世界七大奇景之一。蓝洞的洞口位于悬崖的下面，洞口很小，所以只能乘坐小船才能进入。

The Blue Hole is a sea cave 60 meters long and 25 meters wide. Due to the special structure of the cave, sunlight enters the cave from the mouth of the cave and reflects back from the bottom of the cave. While the sea water inside the cave is crystal blue, the rocks inside the cave also turn blue, so it is called "blue hole". The blue reflection, the refracting sun, will take you into another strange world.

蓝洞是一个长60米、宽25米的海蚀洞。由于洞口的特殊结构，阳光从洞口进入洞内，又从洞内水底反射上来，洞内海水一片晶蓝的同时，里面的岩石也变成了蓝色，故称“蓝洞”。蓝色的倒影，折射的太阳，将把你带入另外一个奇异的世界。

04

俄罗斯 · 火山冰洞

Ice Cave Near The Mutnovsky Volcano

This bizarre volcanic ice cave is located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. A stream of hot water flows beneath the glacier ice on Mutlovsky's flanks, creating a nearly one-kilometer long tunnel that provides access to the volcano's ice cave.

这个离奇的火山冰洞位于俄罗斯堪察加半岛上。一股热水在穆特洛夫斯基火山两翼冰川冰的下方流动，形成了一条近一公里长的隧道，火山冰洞由此而来。

In recent years, the glacier on the Kamchatka peninsula volcano has begun to melt, and the top of this ice cave is now so thin that sunlight can pass through it and illuminate the ice structure inside, which appears strangely beautiful.

近年来，堪察加半岛火山上的冰川开始融化，这个冰洞的顶部现在变得很薄，以至于阳光可以穿过它，照亮里面的冰结构，显得十分奇异美丽。

05

墨西哥 · 纳艾卡矿洞

Naica Mine

Located deep underground in Mexico's Chihuahuan Desert, the 1,000-foot Najaka Mine is famous for its unique crystals, the largest in the world.

纳艾卡矿洞位于墨西哥奇瓦瓦沙漠地下深处，洞深达1000英尺，以其独特的水晶而闻名，纳艾卡水晶洞是世界上最大的水晶洞穴。

The complex topography of the cave, with crystals all over the cave, makes it very difficult to walk and makes it a paradise for explorers.

纳艾卡矿洞内部的地形非常复杂，水晶遍布洞穴，形状奇特，使游人行走非常困难，也使得这里成为了探险家们的乐园。

06

冰岛 · 瓦特纳冰川

Vatnajokull Glacier Cave

Located in the southeast of Iceland, Vatnajokull glacier is the largest glacier in Europe, after Antarctic glacier and Greenland glacier. Vatnajokull glacier is about 1,500 meters above sea level, and its non-static nature makes it a typical Icelandic landscape.

瓦特纳冰川位于冰岛的东南部，是欧洲最大的冰川，仅次于南极冰川和格陵兰冰川。瓦特纳冰川海拔约1500米，不静止的特性使其成为了冰岛的典型风光。

At present, the Vatna glacier is flowing into the warmer valleys at a rate of 800 meters per year. What's more, the Vatna Glacier is also known as the "land of ice and fire" for its lava, craters and hot lakes.

目前，瓦特纳冰川以每年800米的速度流入较温暖的山谷中。更令人感到奇特的是，在瓦特纳冰川地区还分布着熔岩、火山口和热湖，因此也被人们称为“冰与火之地”。

07

越南 · 韩松洞  Son Doong Cave

It is located in Vietnam's Phongya Nongbang National Park. Most of the area has a cross-sectional area of about 80×80 meters. Discovered in a remote Vietnamese jungle, the researchers believe The Son Doong Cave has beaten the Deer Cave on The Malaysian state of Borneo to become the world's largest single natural cave.

韩松洞位于越南风牙者榜国家公园，绝大多数区域横截面积达到约80×80米。韩松洞是考察队员在越南偏远的丛林中发现的，他们认为韩松洞击败了位于马来西亚婆罗洲的鹿洞，成为迄今为止世界上最大的单个天然洞穴。

"The air flow in this enclosed space makes a lot of noise," said Spillan. "You can hear the river flowing at the entrance. The noise was so loud that it created a feeling of awe.

勘探人员斯皮兰说：“这个封闭空间内的气流发出巨大声响，你能够在入口处听到河水流动的声音。声音非常大，令人产生一种畏惧感。”

08

Batu Caves  马来西亚 · 黑风洞

The Batu Caves is a Hindu pilgrimage site with many Hindu shrines, so it is also known as Temple Cave. Located 11 kilometers north of Kuala Lumpur, it is a limestone cave group, nestled in the jungle in the middle of the mountain, from the foot of 272 steep steps up to reach, there are cable cars directly to the hole.

黑风洞是印度教的朝拜圣地，设有多座印度教神龛，所以又称为庙洞（Temple Cave）。黑风洞位于吉隆坡北郊11公里处，是一个石灰岩溶洞群，处在丛林掩映的半山腰，从山下循272级陡峭台阶而上即可到达，也有缆车直抵洞口。

黑风洞是在100多年前被发现的，以黑洞和光洞最为有名。光洞高约50～60米，宽约70～80米，由于洞顶有孔，阳光从岩隙中射进洞内，故名。暗洞在光洞左侧，洞长366米，里面阴森透凉，小径陡峭曲折，栖息着成千上万只蝙蝠和蛇。

09

Mendenhall Glacier Cave

美国 · 曼德荷冰河洞穴

Located in the Juno Mandehe Valley, the Mandehe Glacier Cave is a karst cave shaped like a rock cave formed by the melting of summer glaciers. The ice cave takes years or even months to form, but it has a short period of existence and can collapse at any time.

曼德荷冰河洞穴位于朱诺曼德荷山谷，是夏季冰川消融形成的、形似岩石洞的喀斯特冰川，冰洞需要几年甚至几个月就可形成，但存在周期短，随时都有可能塌陷。

That's why we have to strap ourselves in and hold hammers ,so we can go hundreds of feet deep into the ice cave and admire its bizarre shapes. It was full of grotesque sculptures of ice, devoid of life, and it was like being on another planet.

因此我们要身绑保险绳，手持凿锤，才能深入几百英尺深的冰洞，欣赏洞内千奇百怪的冰洞造型。这里面到处是冰形成的奇形怪状的雕塑，没有任何的生命体，有一种仿佛来到另一个星球上的感觉。

10

Glowworms Cave 新西兰 · 萤火虫洞穴

怀托摩萤火虫洞（也称萤火虫洞、怀托摩洞）位于新西兰的怀卡托的怀托摩溶洞地区，因其地下溶洞现象而闻名。地面下石灰岩层构成了一系列庞大的溶洞系统，由各式的钟乳石和石笋以及萤火虫来点缀装饰。

It is as mysterious and gorgeous as a star in the dark. Pass through an underground passage of 250 meters, take a boat to enter the deep cave. When your eyes get used to the darkness, you will witness thousands of fireflies emitting little fireflies in the darkness. It is really romantic and beautiful like a fairy tale.

它宛如黑暗中的星空般神秘绚丽。穿过一条250米的地下通道，乘船进入幽深的山洞，当眼睛适应了黑暗后，你将亲眼目睹成千上万的萤火虫，在黑暗中发出点点萤火，真是童话般的浪漫和美丽。

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