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看英国历史，你一定要知道亚瑟王。

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THINK 3  UNIT 5  STORY 

THINK 3 UNIT 5 第二篇文章是关于故事和改编成的电影adapted movies ，尤其提到一些根据历史传说灵感启发的文学电影市场巨大。 

说到这里， 可以想想有没有留意过什么这样的文学作品和电影，其实是相当多的，小说就是基于事实之上的。可能你又一时想不出一个例子。

平时就要注意收集各种例子，知识，才不至于什么都只知道一点却又讲不出来。 

今天， 给大家拓展一个相似思路， 也是一个从历史改编成的文学故事和电影----- 由亚瑟王的传说多次改编的电影文学。

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亚瑟王的故事

编译/蜜雪

故事发生在盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵不列颠群岛后，传说是亚瑟王带领下抵御盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵。这是英国人心目中的圆桌骑士。 

King Arthur was said to be a British leader who fought Saxon invaders in the 5th and 6th century. He was a unifying force and beloved by his people. Though his end was tragic, King Arthur is celebrated today and his story is depicted in the hallowed halls of the British Parliament.

据说亚瑟王是5世纪和6世纪抗击撒克逊入侵者的英国领袖。他是团结的力量，深受人民爱戴。虽然亚瑟王的死是悲惨的，但今天，他的故事在英国议会神圣的大厅里被描绘出来。

02

Fact or Fiction ?

事实还是虚构？ 

King Arthur is among the most famous literary characters of all time. The Arthurian legend of the Knights of the Round Table, Camelot, the Quest for the Holy Grail, the love affair of Lancelot and Guinevere, and the wizard Merlin have informed and inspired literary, musical, and other major artistic visions for centuries. There have been countless books, major films, operas, television shows, games, toys, plays, and graphic novels either re-telling or inspired by the Arthurian legend which developed in Europe between 1136-1485 CE, was revived in the 19th century CE, and remains popular in the present day.

亚瑟王是历史上最著名的文学人物之一。关于圆桌骑士、卡梅洛特、对圣杯的追求、兰斯洛特和桂尼维尔的爱情故事，以及魔法师梅林，几个世纪以来为文学、音乐和其他艺术形式提供了灵感。亚瑟王的传说在公元1136-1485年在欧洲发展起来，在公元19世纪再一次辉煌，至今仍很受欢迎。

The basic story goes that, once upon a time, there was a wizard named Merlin who arranged for a mighty king named Uther Pendragon to be with a queen named Igrayne who was another king’s wife. Merlin’s stipulation was that, when the child of their union was born, it would be given to him. All of this happens as it should, the child is named Arthur, and he is given to another lord, Sir Hector, to raise with his own son Kay. Many years later, when Arthur is grown, he accompanies Kay and Hector to a tournament in which Kay is to compete, finds that he forgot Kay’s sword at home, and so takes one he finds in the forest stuck in a stone. This is the Sword in the Stone which can only be drawn from the rock by the true king of Britain.

故事是这样的，很久以前，有一个名叫梅林的巫师，他安排一个强大的国王乌瑟彭德拉贡和另一个国王的妻子在一起。梅林的规定是，当他们的孩子出生时，孩子将被给予他。这一切都发生了，这个孩子叫亚瑟，他被交给了另一个领主，赫克托，和他自己的儿子凯一起抚养。多年以后，亚瑟长大了，他和赫克托去陪凯要参加的一场锦标赛，结果发现他把凯的剑忘在家里了，于是他把在森林里找到的卡在石头里的一把剑拿走了。这是石中之剑，而只有真正的不列颠国王才能从岩石中拔出。

Merlin returns at this point to explain the situation to Arthur, who had no idea he was adopted, and helps him fight the other lords who contest his claim to the throne. Although the Sword in the Stone is frequently associated with the famous weapon Excalibur, they are two different swords. The sword Arthur draws from the stone is broken in a fight with Sir Pellinore and Merlin brings Arthur to a mystical body of water where the Lady of the Lake gives him Excalibur.

这时梅林向亚瑟解释了情况，他仍不知道他是被收养的。梅林帮助他与其他领主争夺王位。亚瑟王从石中拔出的剑在与柏林诺爵士的战斗中被折断，梅林带亚瑟王来到一片神秘的水域，那里的湖水女神给了他神剑。

Excalibur is more than just a sword; it is a symbol of Arthur’s greatness. In some versions of the legend Arthur gives the sword to Sir Gawain but, in most, it is exclusively Arthur’s. This is in keeping with many ancient tales and legends in which a great hero has some kind of magical weapon. Once Arthur has forced the other lords to recognize his legitimacy, he marries the beautiful queen Guinevere and sets up his court at Camelot.

这把神剑不仅仅是一把剑;它是亚瑟伟大的象征。在一些版本的传说中，亚瑟王把剑给了高文爵士，但在大多数传说中，它完全是属于亚瑟王的。在许多古代故事和传说中，伟大的英雄都有某件神奇的武器。

亚瑟强迫其他领主承认他的合法性后，他娶了美丽的皇后桂尼维尔，并在卡梅洛特建立他的宫廷。

He invites the greatest knights of the realm to come and dine in his banquet hall but, when they do, they begin fighting over who will get the best seat. Arthur severely punishes the knight who began the trouble and, to avert any repeat in the future, accepts a round table from his father-in-law. From this time on, he explains, everyone sitting at the table will be equal, including himself, and everyone’s opinions will be weighed seriously no matter their social standing. Further, anyone requiring assistance will be welcomed in the hall to request it and every wrong shall be righted by Arthur and his knights.

他邀请全国最伟大的骑士来他的宴会厅用餐，但是，当他们来的时候，他们为谁能得到最好的座位而争吵，亚瑟严厉惩罚了带头吵架的骑士。为了避免以后再发生同样的事情，他从岳父那里接受了一张圆桌。他解释说，从现在起，每个人都将是平等的，包括他自己，每个人的意见都将被认真考虑，不管他们的社会地位。此外，任何需要帮助的人都可以在这里提出请求，他们将一起互相给予帮助。

The motif of the Round Table, along with the magical weapon, sets Arthur above the kings who have preceded him who believed that their position of power dictated what was right or wrong; Arthur believes that everyone’s opinion is valid and that might should be used to support right, not define it. Arthur again sends out invitations to noble knights to join him but this time his messengers are to go even farther, beyond the boundaries of Britain.

圆桌的主题，连同那件神奇的武器，使亚瑟凌驾于他之前的那些国王之上。亚瑟相信每个人的观点都是有用的，应该用以支持，而不是去下定义。

The greatest adventure the knights undertake is the quest for the Holy Grail. The grail is originally a platter in the French version of the legend or cauldron in the Welsh. It is transformed, however, into the cup of Christ used at the Last Supper by the time Malory revises the story and this is how it is generally understood. The grail quest can only be completed by a knight pure of heart and this is finally accomplished by Galahad, son of Lancelot.

骑士们最伟大的冒险就是寻找圣杯。圣杯最初是传说的法国版本的浅盘，威尔士版本的锅。然而，在马洛里修改故事的时候，它被变成了耶稣在最后的晚餐中使用的杯子，这就是人们对它的普遍理解。圣杯的追寻只能由一名心地纯洁的骑士来完成，而这最终由兰斯洛特的儿子加拉哈德完成。

Throughout all these adventures there are a number of times Guinevere is kidnapped by some menacing lord and has to be rescued or other ladies are in distress and also need the assistance of a noble knight. There are dragons, giants, invisible spirits, sacred wells, unending waters to cross, inanimate objects which move and speak, courageous heroes, scheming villains, women who are beautiful and noble and others whose beauty conceals their devious nature. Encountering all of these, Arthur remains a good and noble king until the affair of his queen and best friend is revealed by Arthur’s illegitimate son Mordred who then challenges Arthur’s right to rule.

传说中在战斗中，桂尼维尔或其他女性被一些领主绑架，需要贵族骑士的帮助。（在此奠定了大家对骑士风度翩翩的印象） 。龙，巨人，无形的灵魂，神圣的井，无尽的水，会说话的无生命的物体，勇敢的英雄，诡计多端的恶棍，美丽高贵的女性和一些用美丽掩盖邪恶本质的人....面对着所有这些，亚瑟王仍然是一个善良和高贵的国王。后来他的王后桂尼维尔和他最信任的手下兰斯洛特的婚外情被亚瑟王的私生子揭露（他是被施了魔法才出轨生的私生子）。

In the final battle between Mordred and Arthur, Mordred is killed and Arthur mortally wounded. Guinevere retires to a convent and Lancelot to a hermitage. All of the other great knights of the court are killed. Sir Bedevere helps Arthur from the field and returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake. Once the sword has been returned, Arthur dies and is carried away on a ship to the isle of Avalon.

在莫德雷德和亚瑟的最后一战中，莫德雷德被杀，亚瑟受了致命伤。桂尼维尔最后到了女修道院去了（据说是去忏悔了后半辈子），兰斯洛特则隐居了。所有其他伟大的骑士都被杀了。比德维尔爵士帮助亚瑟离开了战场，并将王者之剑交还给了湖水女神。宝剑被归还后，亚瑟死了，尸体被一艘船带到阿瓦隆岛。

One of the most enduring motifs of the legend is that of the Damsel in Distress who must be rescued by a noble knight who then, in many stories, marries her. It has been pointed out that the Arthurian legend, from the time of Chretien de Troyes onward, elevated the status and power of women. Even the damsel in distress often turns out to be a queen who possesses great wealth, land, or magical items. This is a significant departure from the literature of the Middle Ages in which women are usually depicted as objects to be fought over or protected.

传说最经久不衰的主题，就是一个高贵的骑士拯救并娶了一个陷入困境的少女。亚瑟王的传说，从克雷蒂安·德·特鲁瓦开始，就提升了女性的地位和权力。即使是身处困境的少女，往往也有可能变成拥有大量财富、土地或魔法的女王。这与中世纪的文学作品有很大的不同，在中世纪，女性通常被描绘成被争夺或保护的对象。

It has been suggested that the legends are Christian allegories which symbolically represent a believer's journey of faith. The quest for the Holy Grail, for example, exemplifies the Christian path: one must be pure of heart to complete it but, even if one is not, the life of the participant is still improved through the attempt. It has also been claimed that the legends are mystical allegories. 

有人认为这些传说是基督教的寓言，象征性地代表了信徒的信仰之旅。例如，对圣杯的追求就是基督教道路的例证: 一个人必须有一颗纯洁的心来完成它。也有人声称这些传说是某种神秘的寓言。

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