北京ket阅读 英国历史第一讲---英国为什么叫ENGLAND

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Prehistory & Antiquity


选:A Brief History of England


编译 :蜜雪


England was settled by humans for at least 500,000 years. The first modern humans (homo sapiens) arrived during the Ice Age (about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago), when the sea levels were lower and Britain was connected to the European mainland. It is these people who built the ancient megalithic monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury.


人类在英国定居了至少50万年。第一批现代人(智人)是在冰河时代(约35,000至10,000年前)到达英国的。当时海平面较低,英国与欧洲大陆相连。正是这些人建造了古代巨石阵和埃夫伯里的巨石纪念碑。



Between 1,500 and 500 BCE, Celtic tribes migrated from Central Europe and France to Britain and mixed with the indigenous inhabitants, creating a new culture slightly distinct from the Continental Celtic one. This was the Bronze Age.


在公元前1500年到500年间,凯尔特部落从中欧和法国迁移到英国,并与当地居民融合,创造了一种与凯尔特大陆略有不同的新文化。这是青铜时代


注: 凯尔特人(Celts),他们在罗马帝国时期与日耳曼人、斯拉夫人一起被罗马人并称为欧洲的三大蛮族,也是现今欧洲人的代表民族之一。


The Romans tried a first time to invade Britannia (the Latin name of the island) in 55 BCE under Julius Caesar, but weren't successful until 43 CE, during the reign of Emperor Claudius. In 122 CE, Emperor Hadrian built a wall in the north of Britannia to keep the barbarian Pics at bay.

公元前55年,在恺撒大帝的统治下,罗马人第一次试图入侵不列颠尼亚(该岛的拉丁名),但直到公元43年克劳迪亚斯大帝统治时期才成功。公元122年,哈德良皇帝在不列颠尼亚北部建造了一堵墙,以抵御野蛮人的攻势。





凯撒大帝




哈德良长城(Hadrians Wall),位于英国的不列颠岛上,是罗马帝国在占领不列颠时修建的,从建成后到弃守,它一直是罗马帝国的西北边界。


The Romans controlled most of present-day England and Wales, and founded a large number of cities that still exist today. London, York, St Albans, Bath, Exeter, Lincoln, Leicester, Worcester, Gloucester, Chichester, Winchester, Colchester, Manchester, Chester, Lancaster, were all Roman towns, as in fact were all the cities with names now ending in -chester, -cester or -caster, which derive from Latin castrum ("fortification").


罗马人当时控制了今天的英格兰和威尔士的大部分地区,并建立了大量的城市,这些城市至今仍然存在。

伦敦、约克、圣奥尔本斯、巴斯、埃克塞特、林肯、莱斯特、伍斯特、格洛斯特、奇切斯特、温彻斯特、科尔切斯特、曼彻斯特、切斯特、兰开斯特都是罗马城镇,事实上,现在所有的城市名字都以切斯特-chester 、切斯特-cester 或卡斯特-caster 结尾,这些名字来源于拉丁语castrum(“防御工事”)。


罗马统治时期的英国,沿用了不少罗马传统,却也保留了当地自己的特色。





The Anglo-Saxons


The Romans progressively abandoned Britannia in the 5th century as their Empire was falling apart and legions were needed to protect Rome.


公元5世纪,罗马人逐渐抛弃了不列颠尼亚,因为他们的帝国正在分崩离析,需要大批军团来保护罗马。


With the Romans gone, the Celtic tribes started fighting with each others again, and one of the local chieftain had the not so brilliant idea to request help from the some Germanic tribes from the North of present-day Germany and South of Denmark. These were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who arrived in the 5th and 6th centuries.


随着罗马人的离去,凯尔特部落又开始互相争斗,而当地的一个酋长不太明智地向现在德国北部和丹麦南部的一些日耳曼部落请求帮助。他们是盎格鲁人,撒克逊人和朱特人,他们在5世纪和6世纪来到这里。


However, things did not happen as the Celts had expected. The Germanic tribes did not go back home after the fight, and on the contrary felt strong enough to seize the whole of the country for themselves, which they did, pushing back all the Celtic tribes to Wales and Cornwall, and founding their respective kingdoms of Kent (the Jutes)Essex, Sussex and Wessex (the Saxons), and further north East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria (the Angles). These 7 kingdoms, which rules over all England from about 500 to 850 AD, were later known as the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.


然而,事情并没有像凯尔特人所期望的那样发生。日耳曼部落没有战斗后回去,相反, 他们想抓住整个国家。他们将所有的凯尔特部落赶到威尔士,康沃尔,并成立他们自己的肯特王国(朱特人),埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯(撒克逊人),并进一步北东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森比亚(盎格鲁人)。这7个王国在公元500年到850年间统治着整个英格兰,后来被称为盎格鲁-撒克逊七国


Septarchy“ 七国时代”(5世纪中叶—9世纪初)


注: Anglo-Saxon的本意就是Angles 和Saxons两个民族结合的民族。两者中盎格鲁基本离开了大陆,把老家留给了丹麦人,撒克逊人还在大陆上留下相当大的势力,让查理曼大帝打了30年,屠杀无数才征服。汉语翻译时为了区分留在大陆和去英国的撒克逊就把一个叫做萨克森一个叫撒克逊,但英语和丹麦语里没有区分。
另外,撒克逊人比盎格鲁人更残暴,撒克逊saxon来自他们使用的大砍刀sax或scramasax,现称seax。盎格鲁Angeln来自angon,意为带倒钩的矛(拉丁文angulus为“角”之意)。七国时期(Septarchy)的七国国家从北至南是诺森伯利亚(Northumbria,即意为:翁伯河以北的国家),麦西亚(Mercia,,“怜悯”),Essex(east-saxon,东萨克森国),East Anglia(东昂格里亚,盎格鲁人的国家),Wessex(west-saxon,西萨克森国),Sussex(south-saxon,南萨克森国),Kent(肯特国,大致为现在英国的肯特郡)。


以上国家中,中部、西南部的Essex、Wessex、Sussex均为萨克森人国家(从名字就能看出),中北部到北部的East Anglia、Northumbria(诺森布里亚王国)、Mercia(麦西亚)为盎格鲁人国家,只有东南沿海的Kent为朱特人国家。所以英国也被称为Anglo-Saxon人。


不列颠成了盎格鲁和撒克逊人的地盘,于是不列颠被命名为“盎格鲁—撒克逊人的土地”Anglo-Saxon’s land.




ENGLAND 一词也就由此而来,盎格鲁—撒克逊人说的语言就是English.




七国时代”(5世纪中叶—9世纪初)






The early history of Wessex kingdom is marked by frequent conflict with the neighboring Kingdom of Mercia which continued until the reign of King Egbert(also given as Ecgberht, r. 802-839 CE) who conquered Mercia and annexed their lands. Wessex continued to prosper under Egbert's successors and reached its height under Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 CE).


威塞克斯王国的早期历史以与邻近的麦西亚王国的频繁冲突为标志,这种冲突一直持续到爱格伯特国王征服麦西亚并吞并了他们的土地。在爱格伯特的继任者的领导下,威塞克斯继续繁荣,并在阿尔弗雷德大帝(公元871-899年)的领导下达到顶峰。



下一讲英国历史,我们该讲到维京时代Viking Age 和英国历史上唯一被授予 the Great (大帝)名号的国王, 被后人尊称为 “英国国父”的阿尔弗雷德大帝。








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